Leaching behavior of Indian fly ashes by an oedometer method

Thermal power stations use pulverized coal as fuel, producing enormous quantities of ash as a by-product of combustion. Currently, with very low utilization of the ash produced, the ash deposits at the thermal power stations are increasing rapidly. The disposal problem is expected to become alarming due to the limited space available for ash disposal near most thermal power stations. Among the various applications available for the use of fly ash, geotechnical application offers opportunity for its bulk utilization. However, the possibility of ground and surface water contamination due to the leaching of toxic elements present in the fly ash needs to be addressed. This paper describes a study carried out on two Indian fly ashes. It is found that pH is the controlling factor in the leaching behavior of fly ashes.

INFLUENCE OF LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) AS ORGANIC COSOLVENT ON LEACHING BEHAVIOR OF PCDD/FS FROM FLY-ASH AND SOIL

The leaching of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was measured in soil and standard fly ash column eluted with pure water and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)- water. The data obtained were used to evaluate the leachability of PCDD/Fs from waste dump like incineration residual slag and fly ash deposition. The leaching rate was shown to be increased significantly by using LAS water. The leachate contents of PCDD/Fs were above their known water solubility. Concentration of PCDD/Fs in the leachates as well as the relative leaching (calculated on the fly ash content) increased with increasing chlorinating degree and decreasing water solubility. LAS above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) probably enhances PCDD/Fs solubility.

Risk of Leaching in Soils Amended by Compost and digestate from Municipal Solid Waste

New European directives have proposed the direct application of compost and digestate produced from municipal solid wastes as organic matter sources in agricultural soils. Therefore information about phosphorus leaching from these residues when they are applied to the soil is increasingly mportant. Leaching experiments were conducted to determine the P mobility in compost and digestate mixtures, supplying equivalent amounts to 100 kg P ha?1 to three different types of soils. The tests were performed in accordance with CEN/TS 14405:2004 analyzing the maximum dissolved reactive P and the kinetic rate in the leachate. P biowaste fractionation indicated that digestate has a higher level of available P than compost has. In contrast, P losses in leaching experiments with soil-compost mixtureswere higher than in soil-digestate mixtures. For bothwastes, therewas no correlation between disolved reactive P lost and the water soluble P.The interaction between soil and waste, the long experimentation time, and the volume of leachate obtained caused the waste?s wettability to become an influential parameter in P leaching behavior. The overall conclusion is that kinetic data analysis provides valuable information concerning the sorption mechanism that can be used for predicting the large-scale behavior of soil systems.

Sorption, degradation and mobility of microcystins in Chinese agriculture soils: Risk assessment for groundwater protection

In the present paper, sorption, persistence, and leaching behavior of three microcystin variants in Chinese agriculture soils were examined. Based on this study, the values of capacity factor and slope for three MCs variants in three soils ranged from 0.69 to 6.00, and 1.01 to 1.54, respectively. The adsorption of MCs in the soils decreased in the following order: RR > Dha(7) LR > LR. Furthermore, for each MC variant in the three soils, the adsorption rate in the soils decreased in the following order: soil A > soil C > soil B. The calculated half-time ranged between 7.9 and 17.8 days for MC-RR, 6.0-17.1 days for MC-LR, and 7.1-10.2 days for MC-Dha(7) LR. Results from leaching experiments demonstrated that recoveries of toxins in leachates ranged from 0-16.7% for RR, 73.2-88.9% for LR, and 8.9-73.1% for Dha 7 LR. The GUS value ranged from 1.48 to 2.06 for RR, 1.82-2.88 for LR, and 1.76-2.09 for Dha(7) LR. Results demonstrated the use of cyanobacterial collections as plant fertilizer is likely to be unsafe in soils. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da disponibilidade de boro em um latossolo de Mato Grosso/MT

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Residuos orgánicos como fuentes de fósforo

En este trabajo, se han llevado a cabo distintos experimentos en laboratorio, con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de residuos orgánicos como fuentes de P en las pérdidas de este elemento, que se producen en suelo, tanto por escorrentía superficial como por lixiviación. El interés por evaluar las pérdidas de P se debe a la necesidad de conocer mejor los factores que influyen en los procesos de pérdidas de este elemento y así, poder reducir los problemas de eutrofización de aguas, tanto superficiales como subterráneas, provocadas por un exceso de este nutriente, junto con otros como el nitrógeno. Los trabajos experimentales que se han llevado a cabo se detallan a continuación: Se ha realizado el estudio de las formas de P contenidas en una serie de 14 residuos orgánicos, de distinto origen y tratamiento (compost, lodos, purines y digestato), comparando la información aportada por tres protocolos de fraccionamientos de P diferentes, seleccionados entre los principales métodos utilizados: protocolo de fraccionamiento de Ruttemberg (1992), protocolo de Normas, medidas y ensayos (Ruban et al., 2001a) y protocolo de Huang et al. (2008). Todos los métodos de fraccionamiento empleados aportaron información útil para conocer las formas de P de los residuos, a pesar de que alguno de ellos fue descrito para sedimentos o suelos. Sin embargo, resulta difícil comparar los resultados entre unos y otros, ya que cada uno emplea extractantes y tiempos de ensayos diferentes. Las cantidades de P total determinadas por cada método mantienen una relación lineal, aunque el método SMT, por ser más directo, obtiene las cantidades más elevadas para todos los residuos. Los métodos secuenciales (métodos de Huang y Ruttemberg), a pesar de ser más largos y tediosos, aportan información más detallada de la disponibilidad de las formas de P, y con ello, permiten obtener una mejor estimación de las pérdidas potenciales de este elemento tras su aplicación en suelo. Se han encontrado relaciones positivas entre las fracciones determinadas por estos dos métodos. Así mismo, se encuentra una correlación entre las formas solubles de P y la concentración de los iones [Ca + Fe + Al] de los residuos, útiles como indicadores de la disponibilidad de este elemento. Sin embargo, el protocolo SMT, no obtiene información de la solubilidad o disponibilidad de las formas de P contenidas, ni las formas determinadas mantienen relaciones directas con las de los otros métodos, con excepción del P total. Para el estudio del comportamiento de los residuos aplicados en suelos, se pusieron a punto sistemas de lluvia simulada, con el objetivo de caracterizar las pérdidas de P en la escorrentía superficial generada. Por otra parte, se emplearon columnas de suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, para el estudio de las pérdidas de P por lixiviación. Los ensayos de simulación de lluvia se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo al “National Phosphorus Research proyect“ (2001), que consigue simular eventos sucesivos de lluvia en unas condiciones semejantes a la realidad, empleando cajas llenas de suelo del horizonte superficial, con residuos aplicados tanto superficialmente como mediante mezcla con el propio suelo. Los ensayos se realizaron con seis residuos de diferente naturaleza y sometidos a distintos tratamientos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las pérdidas de las formas de P analizadas, tanto disueltas como particuladas, en las aguas de escorrentía generadas. En general, las pérdidas en el primer evento de lluvia tras la aplicación de los residuos fueron mayores a las generadas en el segundo evento, predominando las formas de P particuladas respecto a las disueltas en ambos. Se encontró una relación positiva entre las pérdidas de P en las aguas de escorrentía generadas en cada ensayo, con los contenidos de P soluble en agua y fácilmente disponible de los residuos empleados, determinados por los protocolos de fraccionamientos secuenciales. Además, se emplearon los modelos matemáticos desarrollados por Vadas et al. (2005, 2007), de evaluación de las pérdidas de P por escorrentía para fertilizantes y estiércoles. La predicción de estos modelos no se cumple en el caso de todos los residuos. Las distintas propiedades físicas de los residuos pueden afectar a las diferencias entre las pérdidas experimentales y las esperadas. Los ensayos de simulación del proceso de lixiviación se llevaron a cabo en columnas de percolación, con suelos enmendados con residuos orgánicos, de acuerdo a la norma “CEN/TS 14405–2004: Caracterización de los residuos – Test de comportamiento de lixiviación – Test de flujo ascendente”. Las pérdidas de P por procesos de lixiviación de agua, han sido despreciadas durante mucho tiempo respecto a las pérdidas por escorrentía. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que deben tenerse en consideración, principalmente en algunos tipos de suelos o zonas cercanas a acuíferos. Se utilizaron tres suelos de distinta procedencia para los ensayos, de manera que se pudo estudiar la influencia del tipo de suelo en las pérdidas de P para cada tipo de residuo (purín, compost, digestato y lodo de EDAR). Los índices de adsorción de P determinados para cada suelo permiten evaluar aquellos que presentarán más riesgo de producir pérdidas de este elemento al aplicarse fuentes externas de P, encontrando una relación positiva entre ambos. Las pérdidas de P en los lixiviados varían en función tanto del residuo como del suelo empleado. Para el compost, el purín y el lodo, se encontró una relación entre las pérdidas generadas en el agua lixiviada de las columnas y las formas de P soluble contenidas en los residuos. Sin embargo, en el caso del digestato, no existía esta correlación. Las pérdidas para este residuo fueron en todos los casos menores a las estimadas, considerando las formas de P contenido. El estudio de la mojabilidad, propiedad física del residuo que evalúa la capacidad de interacción residuo-agua, permitió explicar el comportamiento anómalo de este residuo, con una mayor resistencia a que el agua entrara en su estructura y por tanto, una mayor dificultad de solubilizar el P contenido en el propio residuo, que en el caso de otros residuos. En general, podemos considerar que el estudio de las formas de P más disponibles o solubles en agua, aporta información útil de las pérdidas potenciales de P. Sin embargo, es necesario estudiar las propiedades físicas de los residuos orgánicos aplicados y la capacidad de adsorción de P de los suelos, para estimar las pérdidas de P y con ello, colaborar a controlar los procesos de eutrofización en aguas. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the effect of organic wastes application as sources of P in losses of this element that occur by both surface runoff and leaching in soil. To do so, diverse laboratory experiments are conducted and presented here. Evaluating P losses is necessary to better understand the factors that influence the processes behind the loss of this element. Reducing P losses reduces eutrophication problems of both surface water and groundwater caused by an excess of this nutrient, along with other as nitrogen. Details of the experiments are presented below: The first experiment studies the forms of P contained in a series of 14 organic wastes of different origin and treatment (compost, sludge, slurry and digestate), comparing the information provided by three methods of P fractionation. The methods selected were: Ruttemberg protocol (1992); Standards, Measurements and Testing protocol (Ruban et al., 2001a); and Huang protocol (Huang et al., 2008). All fractionation methods employed successfully contribute to our knowledge of P forms in wastes, even though one of them was originally described for sediments or soils information. However, it is difficult to compare results among each other, as each protocol employs different extractants and time in the trials. Total amounts of P obtained by each method show a linear relationship, although the SMT method, which is more direct, obtains the highest amounts for all residues. Sequential methods (Huang and Ruttemberg’s protocols), despite being longer and more tedious, provide more detailed information on the availability of the forms of P. Therefore, allow the estimation of the potential losses of P after application in soil. Furthermore, positive relationships have been found among fractions obtained by these methods. Positive relationship has been found also among soluble forms of P and the concentration of ions Fe + Ca + Al, which is useful as an indicator of the availability of this element. However, the SMT protocol does not collect information about solubility or availability of forms of P contained; neither do certain forms maintain direct relations with the forms from other methods, with the exception of total P methods. To study the behavior of wastes applied to soils two experiments were conducted. Simulated rain systems were prepared to characterize P losses in the surface runoff generated. In addition, columns of soils amended with organic waste were developed for the study of P leaching losses. Simulated rain systems were carried out according to the ’National Phosphorus Research Project’ (2001), which manages to simulate successive rainfall events in conditions resembling reality. The experiment uses boxes filled with soil from the surface horizon amended with residues, both superficially and by mixing with the soil. Tests were conducted with six residues of different type and subjected to diverse treatments. Findings show significant differences in losses of the P forms analyzed in the generated runoff water, in both solution and particulate forms. In general, losses in the first rainfall event after application of waste were higher than the losses generated in the second event, predominating particulate forms of P over dissolved forms in both events. In all trials, a positive relationship was found between various P forms determined by sequential fractionation protocols (water soluble P and readily available P forms) and P losses in runoff. Furthermore, results from Vadas´s mathematical models (Vadas et al., 2005; 2007) to assess P losses by runoff fertilizers and manures indicate that the prediction of this model is not fulfilled in the case of all residues. The diverse physical properties of wastes may affect the differences between experimental and expected losses. Finally, leaching simulation processes were carried out in percolation columns, filled with soils amended with organic wastes, following the ‘CEN/TS 14405-2004 standard: Characterization of waste - Leaching behavior test - Test Flow ascending ’. P losses by leaching have been neglected for a long time with respect to runoff losses. However, findings corroborate previous studies showing that these P losses have to be taken into account, especially in certain types of soils and in zones near aquifers. To study the influence of soil type on P losses, experiments were carried out with three different soils and for each type of waste (manure, compost, digestate and sludge WWTP). Each soil’s P adsorption rates allow assessing which soils imply a higher risk of P losses when external sources of P are applied. P losses in leachate vary according to the type of soil employed and according to the specific residue. In the case of compost, manure and sludge, there is a relationship between leaching losses and residues’ soluble forms of P. The exception being the digestate, where there was no such correlation. Digestate P losses by leaching were lower than expected in all cases considering the forms of P contained. Moreover, examining digestate wettability -- that is, the physical property of the residue that assesses the capacity of waste-water interaction -- allowed explaining the anomalous behavior of this residue. Digestate has a high resistance to water entering its structure and thus higher difficulty to solubilize the P contained. Overall, studying the more available or soluble P forms provides useful information about the potential loss of P. However, this dissertation shows that it is necessary to examine the physical properties of organic residues applied as well as the P adsorption capacity of soils to estimate P losses, and thus to control eutrophication in water.

Estudo cinético da lixiviação de metais de placas de circuito impresso obsoletas.

O processo tradicional de recuperação de metais de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE) geralmente envolve processamento pirometalúrgico. Entretanto, o uso desta tecnologia para processar placas de circuito impresso (PCI) obsoletas pode levar à liberação de dioxinas e furanos, devido à decomposição térmica de retardantes de chama e resinas poliméricas presentes no substrato das placas. Portanto, este trabalho propõe uma rota hidrometalúrgica para recuperação de metais. O comportamento dos metais, com destaque para cobre, zinco e níquel, durante a lixiviação ácida, foi estudado em três temperaturas diferentes (35ºC, 65ºC e 75ºC), com e sem adição de um agente oxidante (peróxido de hidrogênio H2O2). A cinética de dissolução ácida desses metais foi estudada baseada na análise química por ICP-OES (Espectrometria de emissão ótica por plasma acoplado indutivamente) e EDX (Espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva). O balanço de massa e a análise química indicaram que a etapa de lixiviação sem adição de oxidante é pouco eficaz na extração dos metais, sendo responsável pela dissolução de menos do que 6% do total extraído. A 65ºC e H2SO4 1 mol/L, com adição de 5 mL de H2O2 (30%) a cada quinze minutos e densidade de polpa de 1 g / 10 mL, 98,1% do cobre, 99,9% do zinco e 99,0% do níquel foram extraídos após 4 horas. A cinética de dissolução desses metais é controlada pela etapa da reação química, seguindo, dependendo da temperatura, a equação 1 (1 XB)1/3 = k1.t ou a equação ln (1 XB) = k4.t.

(Table 12-4, page 360) Percentage loss of water from manganese nodules (on a wet basis) at different temperatures

This chapter discusses the formation and distribution of some metals in ocean-floor manganese nodules in the light of the observed data in the literature and thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of the oxidation of metal ions in the oceanic environment. There are, in general, two major schools of thought on the mechanism of incorporation of the minor elements such as nickel, copper, and cobalt with the major elements such as manganese and iron. One is the lattice substitution mechanism and the other the adsorption mechanism. If the mechanism is lattice substitution, extraction of the metal ions is not possible unless the lattice of the major elements is first broken and exchanged with other ions from the bulk solution. Consequently, the leaching behavior of minor elements should display a very close relationship with that of major elements.

GEOTECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STEEL SLAG IN EMBANKMENTS

Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag is produced in the United States. Most of the slag is landfilled, which represents a significant economic loss and a waste of valuable land space. Steel slag has great potential for the construction of highway embankments; however, its use has been limited due to its high swelling potential and alkalinity. The swelling potential of steel slags may lead to deterioration of the structural stability of highways, and high alkalinity poses an environmental challenge as it affects the leaching behavior of trace metals. This study seeks a methodology that promotes the use of steel slag in highway embankments by minimizing these two main disadvantages. Accelerated swelling tests were conducted to evaluate the swelling behavior of pure steel slag and water treatment residual (WTR) treated steel slag, where WTR is an alum-rich by-product of drinking water treatment plants. Sequential batch tests and column leach tests, as well as two different numerical analyses, UMDSurf and WiscLEACH, were carried out to check the environmental suitability of the methods. Tests were conducted to study the effect of a common borrow fill material that encapsulated the slag in the embankment and the effects of two subgrade soils on the chemical properties of slag leachate. The results indicated that an increase in WTR content in the steel slag-WTR mixtures yields a decrease in pH and most of the leached metal concentrations, except aluminum. The change in the levels of pH, after passing through encapsulation and subgrade, depends on the natural pHs of materials.

Retention behavior of hydrophobic organic chemicals as a function of temperature in soil leaching column chromatography

To study the transport mechanism of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) and the energy change in soil/solvent system, a soil leaching column chromatographic (SLCC) experiment at an environmental temperature range of 20-40 degreesC was carried out, which utilized a reference soil (SP 14696) packed column and a methanol-water (1:4 by volume ratio) eluent. The transport process quickens with the increase of column temperature. The ratio of retention factors at 30 and 40 degreesC (k'(30)/k'(40)) ranged from 1.08 to 1.36. The lower enthalpy change of the solute transfer in SLCC (from eluent to soil) than in conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (e.g., from eluent to C-18) is consistent with the hypothesis that HOCs were dominantly and physically partitioned between solvent and soil. The results were also verified by the linear solvation energy relationships analysis. The chief factor controlling the retention was found to be the solute solvophobic partition, and the second important factor was the solute hydrogen-bond basicity, while the least important factors were the solute polarizability-dipolarity and hydrogen-bond acidity. With the increase of temperature, the contributions of the solute solvophobic partition and hydrogen-bond basicity gradually decrease, and the latter decreases faster than the former. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Behavior of simetryn and thiobencarb in the plough zone of rice fields

The behavior of simetryn and thiobencarb in flooded rice soil was investigated in a 2-year study. The concentrations of simetryn and thiobencarb were in the hundreds of μg kg^-1 in the top soil layer (0-5 cm) and became significantly lower in tens of μg kg^-1 in the deeper soil layers (5-10 and 10-15 cm). The half-lives of the two herbicides were also shorter (36 and 17 days for simetryn and thiobencarb, respectively) in the top soil layer, as they were most affected by environmental conditions, compared with corresponding values of 82 and 69 days in the 5-10 cm soil layer. Simetryn concentration was stable, while thiobencarb's half-life was 165 days in the 10-15 cm layer. About 35% of the applied mass of simetryn and thiobencarb were found in the rice soil compartment.

Consistency limits behavior of bentonites exposed to sea water

This article examines the changes in interparticle forces brought about on prolonged contact (1 year period) of a bentonite clay with artificial seawater. The study is undertaken with the purpose of identifying the physico-chemical factors that impart a nonswelling character to smectite clays deposited in marine environments. Results show that equilibration of the bentonite clay with artificial seawater (total pore salinity approximately 42 gL-1) for a 1 year period does not lead to any mineralogical changes in the clay specimens; however, their exchangeable cation positions become prominently dominated by magnesium ions. The consistency limits of the seawater-equilibrated bentonite was determined on stepwise leaching to lower salinities. The predominance of diffuse double-layer repulsion forces in the pore salt concentration range of 42 gL-1 to 1.1 gL-1 caused an increase in the liquid limits of the seawater-equilibrated bentonite specimens on reducing the salinity in the corresponding range (42 gL-1 to 1.1 gL-1). The attraction forces, however, prevail over the repulsion forces at salt concentrations <1.1 gL-1 and cause a decrease in liquid limit of the clay specimens with reduction in pore salinity, which is typical of nonswelling clays. The attraction forces cause aggregation of the clay unit layers into domains that break down on sodium saturation of the clay specimens. It is inferred that the physico-chemical factors responsible for the nonswelling character of the seawater-equilibrated bentonite specimens at pore salt concentrations below 1.1 gL-1 are inadequate to explain the nonswelling character of smectite-rich Ariake marine clays. The lower consistency limits of the Ariake marine clays in comparison to the nonswelling character, seawater-equilibrated bentonite specimens is attributed to a relative deficiency of interparticle forces in the Ariake marine clay.